The French Revolution

The French Revolution What Were the Causes and Consequences of the French Revolution? ChaptersFrench Revolution TimelineHow the Revolution Changed Modern-Day FranceThe French Revolution of 1789 is perhaps one of the most famous events of French history.Many of the outcomes and consequences of the revolution have led to several key characteristics that define the political running of modern-day France as well as the values held by the French people.The Revolution marked a key point in French and European history as France transformed from a kingdom to a republic ruled by its people.But what are the circumstances which led to the beginning of the revolution? And what were the results of it?Superprof is here to explain all you need to know about the French revolution and how it laid the foundations for modern-day France! AnnieFrench Teacher 4.89 (9) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors CarolineFrench Teacher 5.00 (13) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LowriFrench Teacher 5.00 (9) £90/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarianneFrench Teacher 5.00 (8) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ThibautFrench Teacher 5.00 (3) £19/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AnnickFrench Teacher 5.00 (6) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors DéborahFrench Teacher 5.00 (10) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors SamyFrench Teacher 5.00 (2) £60/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsFrench Revolution TimelineThe French Revolution of 1789 occurred for a variety of reasons, one of the main ones being the fact that the majority of the French population was unhappy with the way the country was being run in terms of economics and politics.Let’s take a look at a rough timeline of events which took placed before, during and after the French Revolution. ·                 A Difficult Financial ClimateA larger population and an economic boom meant that the 18th century was, for the most part, a period in which the French people enjoyed a higher standard of life than previously.Unfortunately, this period of pro sperity didn’t last long, and the end of the 1700’s saw a sharp downturn in the country’s economic stability as France’s leaders were faced with the debts accumulated whilst embroiled in various wars against the British in the American Revolution.The conflicts in which France took part were responsible for the country's debt ¦ source: VisualhuntThe reigning monarch at the time was King Louis XVI, who was to become the last monarch of France.In an attempt to solve his nation’s financial issues, the King turned to his financial advisors, whose opinion he could not have disagreed with more: that the French taxation system should be reformed.Louis was sure that there must have been another way for him to save his country from bankruptcy, so he sacked his advisors and turned to Charles de Calonne, his controller general, instead.Calonne advised King Louis that in order to raise funds to pay off the national debt, the French nobility and clergy â€" two groups of people who were previously exempt from tax â€" should now be liable to pay it.Once again, this advice was badly received by King Louis, but Calonne went ahead and tried to impose this new tax. As predicted, this did not go down well, and the aristocracy rejected Calonne’s demands.As King Louis XVI and Calonne scratched their heads, the country was driven further into economic crisis. In addition to the financial hardship, there was a feeling of frustration present within every sector of society. ·                 The Questioning of the Ancien RégimeWhile the aristocracy took offence at Calonne’s attempt to use their money to pay off the national debt, the rest of the population had already had enough of the way the country was being run.Years of poor crops made food expensive and drove France’s peasantry (known as the Third Estate), which made up the vast majority of the population, further into poverty under the feudal system while wealthy landowners contributed little to the state.In thei r confusion, King Louis XVI and Calonne arranged to meet with the Estates-General in 1789, a body representing the three sectors of French society, to discuss a solution: the clergy (First Estate), nobility (Second Estate) and the peasants (Third Estate).During the time before the meeting, each estate put together lists of their issues which were to be raised with the King. For the Third Estate, one of these issues was representation in the assembly. Although they accounted for ninety-eight percent of the population, the vote of the Third Estate could still be overruled by that of the First or Second.The importance of social status drove the call of political reform and set the scene for revolution, and the meeting did not go as the King has envisaged. Following the rejection of the Third Estate’s call for equal voting rights, they left the Estates-General and formed the National Assembly, which, given its popular advantage, was able to declare itself sovereign ruler of France. ·                 The National AssemblyThe formation of the National Assembly was the first major step towards revolution, and once its members had taken the Tennis Court Oath, revolution was on the cards.By taking the Tennis Court Oath, the National Assembly vowed to not disband until France had a new constitution. The Oath is so called because it took place on a tennis court near the palace of Versailles as the Assembly had been locked out of their usual meeting room there by King Louis XVI.The National Assembly continued to meet at Versailles while it was drafting a new constitution, but while there was a feeling of hope among French citizens, the population was also fearful that the King would attempt to regain control by mobilising his troops.This fear was addressed by acts of violence against symbols of the monarchy and power in the capital. The most notable attack, and the one which is believed to have signalled the beginning of the French Revolution was the storming of the Bas tille. ·                 The Storming of the BastilleThe Bastille was a fortress which had been built to protect Paris during the Hundred Years War which was being used as a prison. It was seen as a symbol of the abuse of power of the French royal family and aristocrats, and, knowing that it housed arms, the disgruntled Parisians attacked it, taking cannons and gunpowder as well as setting the prisoners free.The rebellious atmosphere also took hold of those outside of the city, and as the storming of the Bastille signalled the end of feudalism, rural peasants left their restrictive contracts and vandalised their landlords’ property.France’s debt problem was eventually solved by nationalising the land owned by the Church.Not only did this save France’s economy, but it also gave the lower-classes the chance to own property of their own.Bastille Day is celebrated every year on the 14th July ¦ source: Visualhunt - stephen.boakThe anti-feudalist fever which had swept the nation wa s put in writing with the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen. This Declaration was a document which inspired much of France’s post-revolution constitution.The document stated that all French citizens would have equal rights regardless of social class as well as free speech. One of the most important parts of the Declaration was the article on the end of feudalism and tax immunity.Several aspects of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen can be seen in the French constitution of today.However, although it seemed that the National Assembly was successfully implementing their ideas, new problems had come to light within the Assembly itself, when it came to addressing the controversial topic of the monarchy which left the National Assembly divided. ·                 Controversy Around the Role of the MonarchyThe groups of each side of the argument, the Girondins (who were in favour of giving the monarchy some constitutional power) and the Jaco bins (who wanted to abolish the monarchy altogether and form a republic) were at loggerheads.The first constitution reflected both sides of the argument, and the King was given the power to veto decisions made by the government.A Legislative Assembly was elected to run the country, and war was soon declared on Prussia and Austria as the Assembly feared a counter-revolution by the noble Frenchmen who had fled there. While they were dealing with this potential threat, the Jacobins started a campaign of violence against the King.This ended in the replacement of the Assembly by the newly-named National Convention. This was the government which abolished the French monarchy and ordered the execution of King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, his wife in 1793.The monarchy has been abolished and the Jacobins had reached their goal, but the threat of a counter-revolution was too much for the Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, who condemned 15,000 people to death in what was known as the R eign of Terror.Robespierre’s life was also brought to an end when the court ruled that his killing spree was no longer helping to secure the safety of France.My Superprof tutor was really great about touching on French history during our French classes London!How the Revolution Changed Modern-Day FranceThe French Revolution completely reshaped the country’s political and social landscape.Signs of the Revolution of 1789 are everywhere in French life. For instance, the 14th July is a national holiday in France, known as Bastille Day, as it marks the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. French citizens celebrate the event which signalled the beginning of the French Revolution which made for a fairer society in which all men are born equal.The French motto, too, has its origins in the French Revolution. The phrase ‘liberté, égalité, fraternité’ (liberty, equality, fraternity) was first used in a public context by Maximilien Robespierre in 1790 and has become a promin ent feature of French life in all aspects.If you enjoyed this article, why not check out our blog on French military history?

Private Tutoring at Home - How to Study Tips - Private Tutoring

Private Tutoring at Home - How to Study Tips BobbiM Sep 26, 2015 Yes, we all have more electronic gadgets than we can possible use in one day let alone at one time.  And there are very few of us that cant navigate around a keyboard.  However, when you are trying to study and learn a new topic your handwritten notes and study sheets are going to help you more than anything that youve typed. For whatever reason, one of the best ways to learn how to study is by taking pen or pencil to paper and writing out anything and everything related to your coursework, text or exam.  Theres something about that flow as I call it that makes your brain absorb and store what you are working on as well as learning at the time. So simply grab some paper, note cards, index cards and even sticky notes and use those to collect the main points or topics for whatever you are going to be writing or studying.  This extra effort even if your computer, phone or tablet are near at hand will benefit you more than you know and your grades will also reflect that as well.  And for those whose handwriting is tough, write it out once and then type it up into notes.  Or use a tablet like the Samsung Galaxy Note Pro    that comes with a stylus and can translate your handwriting into typed notes for you.  Its a more expensive option but effective as well. As weve said before, if you do this throughout the semester or year, youll be ready when exams or finals come around.  You wont have to cram or stay up for all nighters (unless you want to of course) trying to get prepped in time. If you enjoyed this post please pin it to Pinterest, share it on Twitter or Facebook and stumble it on Stumbleupon.

Yoga for Kids How It Can Help Your Child - ALOHA Mind Math

Yoga for Kids â€" How It Can Help Your Child Yoga came into vogue in the last couple of decades, and has been popular as a form of exercise for a while now. Some of you might be surprised to hear that it is not just adults who can benefit from Yoga, but children as well. If you’re wondering whether you need to go and start looking for that neighborhood Kids’ Yoga class, read on: Fitness: Other than the physical activity that children get from the playground and gym activities at school, they could be introduced to a refreshing way of getting fit through yoga. It would help in improving flexibility and muscular strength through the specific poses, when taught by an experienced instructor. Calming influence: Pranayama and other yoga techniques could be very useful for kids to deal with the stress they face in their daily lives. It would definitely help calm their minds and improve concentration and attention levels when at school as well. Teaches self-control: A regular practice of Yoga could help with teaching aspects of discipline and self-control to kids, to help them deal with their challenges related to fitness and even with behavioral issues. Helps special needs kids: It is important to note that Yoga has been known to help children with special needs too. This is because it helps them ease anxiety levels, while teaching aspects of discipline. It is important to find the right yoga instructor, so that your child enjoys the class and is not bored with just learning to strike one pose after another. Yoga sessions for children can be very interactive and a great experience for your child, to make him or her want to go back every time. About ALOHA Mind Math ALOHA Mind Math has been guiding children between the ages of five through 12 years to achieve academic excellence since 2007. The interactive learning process is proven to enhance a child’s math, reading and writing capabilities. The teachers also assist children in developing skills and abilities such as observation and listening that result in the overall growth of the child. ALOHA Mind Math is currently training children all over the United States of America with more than 150 centers. For more details on this unique program, please visitalohamindmath.comor search for the center closest to you by using our locatoralohamindmath.com/locations/.

American International in Egypt (Main Campus)

American International in Egypt (Main Campus) American International in Egypt (Main Campus) The American International School in Egypt has been one of Egypts leading schools since it opened its doors to its first 240 students in 1990. Today, AIS Egypt has two campuses, with a combined student population of over 2000 students. AIS Egypt is a member of Educational Services Overseas Limited (ESOL), a group of ten American and British schools spanning six countries and three continents. In partnership with the school community, our mission is to provide eligible students, primarily from the Middle East and living in the Greater Cairo area, with a challenging American and International college preparatory education. Our caring, professional faculty strive to empower our students to become critical, independent thinkers with the skills to be dynamic participants in an ever-changing global society. Fully accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in Philadelphia, AIS Egypts American diploma is recognized by the Egyptian Ministry of Education as equivalent to the Egyptian General Secondary Certificate. Our International Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IB DP) is authorized by the International Baccalaureate Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. Our American curriculum follows United States national standards as well as Virginia standards and is designed to prepare students for entry into highly competitive colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, Europe, the Middle East and beyond. During every step of our students academic journey we strive to provide the finest American educational instruction while cultivating a passion for learning, a capacity for critical thinking and a sense of civic responsibility. A tradition of educational excellence drives our future.

Pioneer World School

Pioneer World School Pioneer World School Pioneer World School is run by Shakuntala Trust - a non-profit organization supported by a parent organization involved in setting up schools and primary health clinics as part of its community outreach initiative. Through Pioneer, the Trust intends to create a truly international school that nurtures learners to become responsible and capable world citizens. With a strong focus on outcome-based learning, Pioneer has been conceptualized to foster creativity and application ability through personal attention to childrens learning needs. The School offers Toddler to Grade 12 learning based on a modern curriculum standard that prepares children to achieve their true individual potential in a socially active community. Pioneer World School of Hyderabad empowers every learner with the experience, knowledge, skills and disposition to be an architect of their own future. We are a community that learns together and contributes to the greater benefit of others in Hyderabad and beyond. Hyderabad is a city emerging as an Indian and global center of 21st Century economic and cultural development. Information, biotechnical and other high tech industries craft an ethos of innovation with roots firmly planted in our rich cultural history as a center of diverse peoples living harmoniously together. The learning program at the Pioneer World School captures and integrates this rich ensemble of culture, technology, diversity and arts; in its pursuit of authentic and meaningful learning. We work through integrating the context of STEAM education (science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics) as a lens to explore the world around us, understand the discoveries of the past, and the possibilities we can create together for the future. The foundation of our STEAM curriculum program is CAIE ( Cambridge Standards). This highly regarded standards framework is focused on challenging and engaging students, to promote deeper learning and develop critical thinking skills.

How to get into an Ivy League School - TutorNerds

How to get into an Ivy League School - TutorNerds How to get into an Ivy League School from an Ivy League Grad How to get into an Ivy League School from an Ivy League Grad With the college application cycle in full swing, high school seniors are seriously researching and considering all types of schools book your private Irvine college admissions consultant today. For those students who are aiming for Ivy League or similarly ranked schools, here are a few tips to consider when making your college application plans, writing college apps, or simply selecting which schools to apply to: • Be consistent in your activities Schools would much rather see you invested in a single activity for all of high school than bouncing from activity to activity throughout your four years. For example, starting on your high school’s fresh/soph soccer team freshman year and then working your way up to varsity captain by senior year makes a better impression than being on the softball team freshman year then jumping to the swim team sophomore year and ultimately landing on the tennis team senior year. Why is demonstrating commitment important? Because college is challenging long-term commitment that they want to make sure that you are prepared to take on, and the best way to show that you are ready is by being invested in an activity throughout all of high school. • Don’t do things just for the sake of doing them/putting them on your resume While the opportunity to be the lead volunteer at the soup kitchen probably seems like an enticing prospect (leadership AND volunteering, sign me up!), don’t participate in activities solely because they seem like a great addition to your resume. If you love working with underserved communities and getting to know the members of those communities then go ahead and take that leadership position. Many college applications ask questions specifically about your activities and, if you aren’t actually invested in that activity, it will show in how you write about it. If you love dogs and want to volunteer at the animal shelter but you think volunteering at the hospital will look better on your application, guess again! If you can demonstrate your passion for animals as well as any skills you developed while volunteering there such as patience, communication, interpersonal skills, etc. that will be a much more valuable experience than half-hearted hospital volunteering and ultimately a better activity to write about on your common app. • Put serious time into studying for the SAT/ACT This probably seems obvious enough but it is a practice that is important not only for the SAT/ACT but also for college and beyond. Prepare for the SAT/ACT as if it were a marathon, not a sprint. Instead of cramming for the test the night before, take a few hours every week to do a few practice questions or take a practice test. You probably won’t see any major changes in your performance immediately, but you will see a steady increase in your scores over time leading up to the test. Another important part of studying for the SAT is going over the questions you get wrong. Students tend to get back their wrong answers, toss them aside, and move on. Instead, take the time to see why you got that question wrong because, chances are, a similar question will come up on the actual test and you will be prepared to get that answer correct this time around! • Do something that will stand out Now, I don’t mean go out and try to cure cancer- but if you do accomplish that, that’s awesome keep up the good work! What I am referring to is that, all of my college classmates and their dogs played the violin in high school (including me). So, while playing the violin is a great activity to have, try to participate in an activity that is more “out there.” For example, one of my classmates started a small environmental science club at her high school and, through reaching out to companies big on sustainability, she was able to grow her club into a massive international organization. Not only was she clearly passionate about sustainability, but she was also able to demonstrate that in a unique way. All of that being said, even if you do not end up attending an Ivy, please remember that going to college is a huge accomplishment, and you should be very proud of yourself and how hard you worked to get there. Good luck on this next big step in your life! Fernanda P. graduated from Columbia University and is attending medical school next year. She is a private tutor with Tutornerds in the south Orange County area. Dont wait to book your experienced Irvine college admissions consultant today. All blog entries, with the exception of guest bloggers, are written by Tutor Nerds. Are you an education professional? If so, email us at pr@tutornerds.com for guest blogging and collaborations. We want to make this the best free education resource in SoCal, so feel free to suggest what you would like to see us write.

How to Make Your Own Homemade Sweetener With a Variety of Sources Available

How to Make Your Own Homemade Sweetener With a Variety of Sources AvailableThe world of sugar has been revolutionized by the latest trends in food technology and the latest trends in HFCS or High Fructose Corn Syrup. Not only is HFCS an affordable replacement for sugar, it also offers much higher nutritional value compared to the two types of sugar. However, the current level of scientific and research is not enough to come up with a complete guide on HFCS and its current popularity. Before you know how to make your own homemade sweetener, you must be able to understand how it is made.The process of hydrogenation can be done manually or automatically. Manually hydrogenating HFCS will take about twenty minutes while the automatic procedure will take about thirty minutes. The robots that are currently available are either capable of doing the hydrogenation manually or they use a mixture of heaters and carbon dioxide gas to get the right levels of sugar and carbon dioxide in the right p roportions.Once the ingredients are prepared, a variety of different sugar suppliers will be able to supply the chemical precursors required to make the product. These chemicals can be obtained from sources such as food processing plants, refineries, and also chemical laboratories. They are typically shipped via air freight as well. The precursors are then used to obtain high molecular weight polysaccharides (HMWs) which are used to prepare the basic recipe for the actual sugar mixture.However, many-times-over source is always important when it comes to the complex science of the hydrogenation of sugars. Many of the chemicals and precursors are necessary for the production of hydrogen. So, before you can begin the process of making your own sweetener, you need to consider all these factors in order to derive the right process and the right method.Hydrogenization chemistry can be performed with the help of a plant-based product, which can be grown using fermentation equipment athome. A variety of enzymes can be used to create the chemical precursors that you will be using. Besides the enzyme, the fermenter must have certain characteristics such as the right temperature and a lack of oxygen for creating the right combination of things.When using a fermenter, you should also use a very fine mesh screen, because it helps filter out the excesses of the gas, which is the real enemy of the enzymes. Once you use the enzymes and the proper mix of fermenting equipment, the end result is sweet and flavorful. This is a step by step process and you will need to do your homework on how to make your own homemade sweetener.You can now enjoy your favorite sweetener and have the knowledge on how to make your own. By doing your homework, you can now save a lot of money on the ingredient cost and the delivery costs, so you can finally enjoy the best quality product at affordable prices. In fact, you will discover that this process can now produce sweeteners that are much cheaper than even the best brand name products.